Which route is a known transmission route for HPAI and END via surfaces?

• A. Direct blood contact
• B. Contaminated fomites
• C. Water only
• D. Airborne only

Answer: (B)

Contaminated fomites are a known transmission route for HPAI and END when discussing transmission via surfaces. Fomites are inanimate objects or materials that can carry infectious agents, such as equipment, bedding, cages, clothing, and boots. The virus shed by infected birds can persist on these surfaces for hours to days, depending on temperature, humidity, and the nature of the surface. When susceptible animals or handlers touch a contaminated object and then touch their mucous membranes (nose, mouth, eyes) or contaminated feed or water sources, infection can occur. While other routes like direct contact, water, or airborne spread can play roles in outbreaks, the surface-mediated route is specifically about transmission through contaminated objects, which is why it’s considered a known pathway.